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1976 Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe
The Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe was an international meeting of communist parties, held in the city of East Berlin, capital of the communist-governed East Germany, on 29–30 June 1976.〔''(Comparative communist foreign policy, 1965-1976 )''. Rand Corporation, 1976. p. 99〕〔Loeber, Dietrich André. ''(Ruling Communist Parties and Their Status Under Law )''. Dordrecht (): Nijhoff, 1986. p. 226〕 In all, 29 parties from all Europe (except Albania, Iceland and some microstates) participated in the conference.〔Braun, Aurel. ''(Romanian Foreign Policy Since 1965: The Political and Military Limits of Autonomy )''. New York: Praeger, 1978. p. 41〕
The conference highlighted several important changes in the European communist movement. It exhibited the declining influence of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and a widening gap between the independent and orthodox camps amongst European communist parties, with the ascent of a new political trend, Eurocommunism.〔Sharma, Prem Mohan. ''(Politics of Peace and UN General Assembly )''. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1977. p. 106〕〔
==Background==
Held in Moscow, the 1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties was a debacle for its Soviet hosts, as several parties (most notably the Workers Party of Korea and the Workers Party of Vietnam), had boycotted the event, whilst others had used the meeting as a platform to condemn the Soviet Union's 1968 military intervention in Czechoslovakia.〔Shore, Cris. ''(Italian Communism: The Escape from Leninism : an Anthropological Perspective )''. London: Pluto Press, 1990. p. 113〕 Following the 1969 colloquium, proposals were put forward for another international conference, with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union hoping to regain its lost prestige through such an event.〔 However, many constituents of the world communist movement, primarily in Asia but also in Europe, were opposed to the holding of another international conference.〔〔Wishnick, Elizabeth. ''(Mending Fences: The Evolution of Moscow's China Policy from Brezhnev to Yeltsin )''. Seattle (): University of Washington Press, 2001. p. 52〕 Rather than holding a meeting representing the global communist movement, by the mid-1970s, most of the main communist parties in Europe had expressed an interest in holding a specifically European conference instead.〔 During that decade, several political changes had occurred in Western Europe that various communist parties wanted to take advantage of; notably, Spain and Portugal had overseen the transition from right-wing military juntas to representative democracies, while the parliamentary isolation faced by the French and Italian communist parties had come to an end.〔Bracke, Maud. ''(Which Socialism, Whose Détente?: West European Communism and the Czechoslovak Crisis, 1968 )''. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007. p. 324〕
During the 1970s, a new theoretical trend had emerged in several Western European communist parties that came to be known as Eurocommunism. Rejecting the domination of the Soviet Communist Party, it emphasized the development of theories and practices that were more applicable to Western Europe. The Soviet government disliked this Eurocommunist trend, and hoped that through holding a conference, they could achieve a document constituting a ''de facto'' charter of the European communist movement which would maintain their dominant role. Soviet discourse did at the time emphasize the importance of a united communist movement across the continent, denying differences between parties and labelling the distinction between Eastern and Western Europe as artificial.〔''(Eurocommunism between East and West )''. Bloomington: Indiana University press, 1980. p. 7〕
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